CAUSES OF
VIOLENCE IN COMPETITIVE SPORT IN KANO STATE
(CASE STUDY OF KANO METROPOLIS)
BY
NASIRU
ABDULLAHI NASIRU PHE
(DM) 01087
YAZID ADO
DAYYABU PHE
(DM) 01089
YUNSA HALADU PHE
(DM) 01108
ALIYU
MUHAMMAD MUSA PHE (DM)
01123
BEING A RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND HEALTH
EDUCATION. FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION KANO (FCE KANO) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR
THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (NCE)
AUGUST,
2016
APPROVAL
PAGE
This research
project has been carefully and critically read through and has been approved as
meeting the requirements for the award of Nigeria Certificate in Education
(NCE), Department of Physical and Health Education. Federal College of
Education Kano
Project Supervisor Date
________________ _______________
Mal. Muhammad Musa
Head of Department Date
_________________ _________________
Dr. Steve Orogbonlo
External Examiner
Date
_________________ _________________
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty God (Allah) who
gave us the grace and strength throughout the period of the study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to acknowledge our supervisor, Mal.
Muhammad Musa, who took time, in spite of his tight schedules to read, correct
and guide us and to see that this work came to successful completion.
We are also grateful to acknowledge the efforts of
our lecturers in Physical and Health Education Department such as Dr. Steve
Orogbonlo, Dr. E. S. Adeyanju, Mal. Abdullahi Shu’aibu, Mr. Tari O. Preh, Mal. A. S. Yarima,
Mal. Ibrahim Sule Birnin Kudu, Mal.
Isyaku Labran Fagge, Mal. Jamilu Muhd, Mrs. O. A. Makinde, Mrs. I. M. Okonkwo
and all the entire staff of P.H.E. department for their encouragement, contribution
and guidance throughout the successful completion of our study.
We are also grateful to the players, coaches,
Sports officials, sports administration etc. who did not hesitate to make
available answers to our questionnaires for the purpose of this research work.
We are also appreciating the timeless encouragement
of our parents and siblings in the course of this research. We also acknowledge
all our course mates in their prayers and words of encouragement.
We are also most grateful indeed. We give glory to almighty
who gave us life, good health and strength to get this far. ALHAMDULILLAH!
Abstract
Violence is a visible part of
today’s sport scene, whether because of increasing violent incident in and
surrounding sports, increasing attention from media when violent acts occur, or
a combination of both, violence is more prevalent in sport today than in years
past. Undeniably, the use of violent
tactics, fighting among athletes and between athletes and spectators, post-game
riots, and hazing incidents make handling with increasing regularity. Violence in sport to some people is
demonstration patriotism, but in an actual sense it is a barbaric act which
usually uncalled for. Violence is one of the problems facing sport today.
Violence is particularly noticeable in contact sport such as soccer,
Basketball, Hockey, Handball among others. Participation in sport under good
leadership has the unique opportunities of helping the individual develop
desirable sportsmanship qualities such courtship, sympathy, truthfulness,
fairness, honesty and respect for constituted authority.
.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
CONTENT PAGES
Title page - - - i
Approval page - - - ii
Dedication - - - iii
Acknowledgment - - - IV
Abstract - - - V
Table of content - - - VI
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the Study
1
1.2 Purpose of Study 4
1.3 Statement of the Problems 5
1.4Significance
of study 5
1.5 Research Hypothesis 6
1.6 Delimitations 7
1.7 Limitations of the Study 8
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Review of Related Literature 11
2.2 Theoretical Frame Work for Violence 13
2.3 Causes of Violence in Competitive Sports 15
2.4 Effect of Violence in Competitive Sports
18
2.5 Method of Controlling Violence in Competitive
Sports 20
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Research Instrument 23
3.3 Population of the study 24
3.4 Data Administration Procedure 24
CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis of Data 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary 37
5.2 Conclusion 37
5.3 Recommendation 38
References
40
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
Violence has always been part of
human nature. We see it all around us, our homes, our schools, our communities,
from historical times to the present. Modern society is bombarded daily with
violent images, through war coverage in the media, shootings on campuses,
shoot-outs with police, and movies and videogame that seem to glorify violence
and murder. And we see acts of aggression and violence increasingly in sports.
Competitive sport understandably crosses a line that should never be crossed.
Sadly, it is a line being crossed with distressing frequency. Some athletes
employ violent tactics as a way to injure or intimidate an opponent, and there
are some coaches who use violence as part of their overall strategy for
defeating an opposing team. Spectators unwittingly demonstrate their support of
violent behavior when they cheer as brawl breaks out on the field between
players. But just what is sport violence, and are some sports inherently
violent?
Violence is a visible part of
today’s sport scene, whether because of increasing violent incident in and
surrounding sports, increasing attention from media when violent acts occur, or
a combination of both, violence is more prevalent in sport today than in years
past. Undeniably, the use of violent
tactics, fighting among athletes and between athletes and spectators, post-game
riots, and hazing incidents make handling with increasing regularity.
Violence in sport to some people
is demonstration patriotism, but in an actual sense it is a barbaric act which
usually uncalled for. Violence is one of the problems facing sport today.
Violence is particularly noticeable in contact sport such as soccer,
Basketball, Hockey, Handball among others. Participation in sport under good
leadership has the unique opportunities of helping the individual develop
desirable sportsmanship qualities such courtship, sympathy, truthfulness,
fairness, honesty and respect for constituted authority
In Kano today, the development of random results
most probably from rapid urbanization in developing or a feverish pitch to the
extent that nature, and rate of violence in competitive sports are escalading
annually. Hardly can one listen to group of people discussing about competitive
sport without mentioning how barbaric the players or spectators of the team
are. This situation is not peculiar to kano but the nation and worldwide.
The historical growth of violence
pointed out one disturbing effects, this has had on people in error from
political, economical and social of view in Nigerian society, three significant
cultural needs appear predominant. These could be grouped as individual search
for identification, seeking for emotional stimulation and striking for
excellence achievement and status is it in business, politics or education.
Sport provides an intriguing clue to the complex Nigerian culture which
parallels the establishment of many behavioral patterns with the society.
The occurrence of violence is
negative development which if care is not taken, will plunge our competitive
sport into an unfortunate abyss. The implications are many. To start with
parents will be reluctant to encourage their children to take part in sport no
matter the incentives given by the government institution or clubs. This will
no doubt affect the countries fortunes in quest for laurels.
Furthermore, good players will
dread playing at the national level or clubs side resulting in low-level
performance in international engagement.
In Kano, sport violence is common.
It have been experienced in various sporting events especially soccer which is
the most popular and crowd fuller in the state. 1989 happen to be year every
sport loving person will live to remember, lives were lost, people properties
were destroyed, government properties were vandalized and a lot of people
hospitalized with injuries. This occurred during the challenge cup final
between the Northern Brewery FC and Works Gold stars, this also lead to
disbandment of four (4) main teams in Kano State which affect the players of
Kano State and decline of the game in Kano. It was after disbandment of these
four (4) teams that lead to the formation of one team in the state which is
Kano Pillars all in an effort to minimize or do away with violence. But that is
not the story now. Since the inception of Pillars a lot of violence have been
experienced i.e. in 1990 Kano Pillars FC and Iwuayanwu Nationale FC Owerri. In
1992 Kano Pillars and Shooting Star Sportb Club (3SC) of Ibadan, In 1994 Kano
Pillars and Sharks of Port-Harcourt, in 1996 Kano Pillars and Katsina United at
Aukwa. All these has lead to lot of finance in the state.
Now violence in competitive sport
has became the concern of people of Kano state being it very common in the
state league known as (TOFA), club like Wambai FC, Cosmos United, Kurmi FC,
Meridian United, Kurmi United, Samba Kurna FC, Massale FC, Fagge FC Meridian FC,
and other events, they like Kano Pillars Basketball team, Bayero University
Football and Basketball teams, Immigration Basketball team, and Federal College
of Education Kano Football and
Basketball teams, never played a match without experiencing any kind of
violence at the end of the game. Even people when these clubs or teams are
playing they cannot go there and watch, not that they do not like it, but being
afraid of violence going to happen. Not only fans and supporters are afraid but
also traders and other people passing by, because most of the time they are
being rob and destroyed some of their properties.
The case of violence in Competitive sport in
Kano state doesn’t limited in soccer alone, Basketball also contribute its own
quarter.
In 1992 during the basketball
national league Kano Pillars vs Islanders of Lagos, there is an outbreak of
violence during the match which lead to the destruction of Kano Pillars vehicle
and some players got injured. In1996 a serious a serious violence happened at
Bayero square in a match between Bauchi and Oyo at sentimental of the Pepsi
cola championship. 1992 was another year of violence in Volleyball, this
happened during a match between Algeria and Tunisia in African Club
Championship at Sani Abacha Indoor Sport Complex Kofar Mata.
The nature and rate of violence in
contemporary sports league or in doubt about the acclaimed social benefit of
sport; violence constitutes unacceptable behavioral pattern or indiscipline in
sport and therefore war must be wage against its existence, but this cannot be
effective unless its nature and causes are identified clearly. It is therefore
imperative to put an end to violence immediately. To this end in vigorous
campaign against the practice should be carried out preferably by the National
Institute for Sport (NIS), Kano State Sport Institute, Kano State Sport council
(KSSC) and other agencies concerned.
The primary purpose of this
project is to examine the causes and possible solution of violence in
competitive sport in Kano metropolis and suggest modalities for eliminating its
occurrence.
1.2
Purpose of the Study
Several studies were carried out
about violence in sport in Kano state; therefore we intend to carry out this
research based on the reasons or rather the causes of violence in competitive
sport in Kano.
Firstly, the purpose of carrying
out this research is to find out the fact of causing violence in competitive
sport in Kano State and to give possible suggestion that could help in
eradicate these factors causing violence.
Secondly, the research is carrying
out to help educate the people on how to participate in sport either passive or
active successfully without indulging in to violence.
Thirdly, the purpose of the study
or research is to call attention or recognize the people health or the danger
their live is during the outbreak of violence
1.3
Statement of the Problem
There have been a lot of violence
problem in Kano State especially in Kano metropolis which in fact left people
wondering what actually are the causes of these violence?. Kano has been
recording high rate of injuries, destruction of properties or vandalism as a
result of violence. These violence causes alarm in Kano State. The situation
has left a lot of question from the people as what to do? Unanswered
Another problem confronting the
people of Kano thus causing serious stress to their health and properties is
that one can imagine a whole of Kano state cannot provide adequate securities
that can prevent violence from occurring before, during and after match.
1.4 Significance of the Study
All the state of the federation
have their own violence in sport depending on the types of sport and people
watching on types of sport and also people watching or taking part in the sport
and culture that exist. Likewise the people of Kano State that is why the
researchers based their research in the state with the main aim and purpose to
reveal the rate of violence and condition in the state and make certain
necessary recommendation to the appropriate authority concern to improve on the
qualities and quantities of their facilities or ways of preventing violence in
spot.
The researchers assumed with the
recommendation given, if they are put into practice by people concern, will be
able to see the effect of the recommendation thus eradication as well as
prevent the occurrence of violence given way to healthful living and so many
improvement within the field of sport in Kano state. By conducting this
research project in the state are given some recommendation on way to prevent
or eradicate violence, the people will be able to keep themselves healthy and
try to remove most possible causes of violence occurring and this can only be
achieved by acquiring the knowledge and attitude of sportsmanship.
The importance of this research
does not stop here but it will be great educational values, interest and pride
to conduct a survey of violence in Kano metropolis in Kano state.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The researchers assume that the
factors causing violence in competitive sport in Kano metropolis, and the
following hypothesis have developed for the purpose of this study: -
•
Lack of knowledge in regard to the sport and acceptable
behaviors associated with it, in the side of spectators and supporters whereby
they do not know the rules and regulation of the games, regarding any penalty
award against their tem as partiality.
•
Unsportsmanship like behavior of player causes violence in
sports.
•
There are teams that have an idea of win at all cost
mentality. Teams with these notion tend to spilled ever from the rules of the
games and use all possible tactics whether legal or illegal to win the match
regardless of whatever the consequences may be, as such causing violence.
•
Sentiment displayed by spectators may also cause violence
in sports.
•
The conduct of coaches and poor administration likely to
cause violence in sports.
•
Delay in decision making and rigidness to rules the game
by referees may influence sport violence.
•
Exaggeration by mass media is considered as another
causes, they are language such as “IS A DO OR DIE AFFAIR TODAY” or “IT WILL BE
A BATTLE OF BATTLE IN TODAY’S MATCH”.
•
Drug abuse among players and spectators can lead to
violence in sports.
•
Another factor that may cause violence in sports is
inadequate security and planning during matches as such encourages the
occurrence of violence.
•
Hostility between team and player most other generate the
case of violence.
1.6
Delimitation of the Study
The causes of violence in
competitive sport is a worldwide issue prevalent in both national and
international competitive, but for a better understanding which is necessary
for the effective prevention of violence in competitive sport, the problem has
to viewed and studied within the context of a particular area. It would be in
this regard that the study of this causes of violence in competitive sport is
limited to Kano state, even within Kano state, is limited to selected local
government within Kano metropolis such as Dala, Fagge, Nassarawa, Municipal,
and Tarauni.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
The Researcher work has the following
limitation although relevant, but may not significantly affect of the study.
•
The research work lack sufficient equipments, materials to
stand of the test of the time likewise attitude of the respondents to the
questionnaire are bad.
•
Time constrain: The time provided for this research work
is limited and so made researchers to rush things.
•
Inability to get files record of various violence in Kano
state from sport council.
•
Difficulty in locating some of the subject selected for
interviews and record.
1.8
Operational Definition of Terms
•
Sportsmanship: fair play, respect for the
opponents, and polite behavior by someone who is competing in a sport or other
competition.
•
Hooliganism: anti-social erratic behavior and
destructive phenomena either by the player, spectators.
•
Irrational: act of behavior that is not
guided with reasoning which resulted to violence.
•
Aggression: behavior intended to cause
psychological or physical pain or harm.
•
Cathartic aggression: in sport, the release of violence
or hostility while participating in sport.
•
Competitive objective of sport: Good within competitive sport
that are formally established and known for all; for example gaining yardage,
tackling, and scoring are three competitive objective in the game of soccer;
team that are the most effective in attaining the competitive goal of sport
usually achieve victory.
•
Foul Play: These situations occur when the
players inflict upon one another throughout the course of the game time.
•
Brawl: is the primary cause of athletes’
violence that will have an effect on the event venue. This situation occurs
when the athlete are involved in violent situations among each other,
spectators, game officials or coaches.
•
In-game violence: violence within sporting
contests, unjust or unwarranted exertion of intense physical force, often
resulted in injuries.
•
Peripheral violence: violence resulting from by those
other than sport participants during the game. Violence by fans is an example
of peripheral violence.
•
Post-game rioting: Violent disorder by people
following a sporting contest; post game rioting by fans sometimes occurs after
their wins a championship.
•
Team culture: the general ways of living that
are associated with team; team culture may influence athletes to commit acts of
violence outside of sport.
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1
Review of Related Literature
According
to oxford English Dictionary vol. xiiv-z violence is defined as the exercise of
physical force so as to inflict injury or cause damage to person or properties.
From
the definition given above violence in competitive sport can be considered as
an act of causing disturbances and riots by both players and spectators in
sport which resulted to the damage of facilities and equipment and also lost of
life. On the other hand violence should be conceived as spectators on large or
small side which cause or threaten to cause physical harm or other.
The above definition give speculation that
violence is an act of that disrupts. The realization of a positive social
happening, violence can be of licit or ill-illicit and this because more often
than not or genuine innocuous fanaticism may overlap with act of violence from
the points of view of evidence and consequence.
Gladue,
(1992) stated that sport appear to be almost the only activities serving as
social institution in society where controlled as integral part of contest.
This violence in the various degrees as exhibited on field play is accepted
understood and controlled by established rules. However, the fact that
spectators, players and game officials erupt into outburst of controlled
violence from time to time is not understood.
Daily star Oct.3rd (1995) in
division three national league match between Obefemi Awolowo University (OAU)
FC of Ife and the visiting Morning Star FC of Onitsha at the Ife temporary
stadium Ireta (OAU), fans who where contesting the decisions of the referee in
awarding the visiting team a penalty broken through the iron gate into the
stadium, disrupted the match and inflicted deep cuts on the referee. A longer
which hard be smuggled out of the field.
Punch (1988) in a national league
encounter between Benue Cement Company, BBC Lions of Gboko and Ranches FC of
Kaduna at Gboko Township Stadium, two persons died while several others
sustained severe injuries when the home fans went on rampage.
Punch (1988) in a division three match
between Golden FC of Umuahia and Sharks of Port Harcourt, hell was let loose
when home fantasies went hay wire. Missile rained heavily on both match
officials and visiting team two players from Golden FC where seriously wounded
while their vehicles were damaged beyond recognition.
Dailytime (1983) recorded cases of fans
assaults during matches includes the soccer encounter between Calabar Rovers
and Enugu Rangers Satellites 5th. June (1985) Leventis Limited and Enugu
Rangers (Kareem, 1987) IICC Shooting Stars and Abiola Babes, Niles Vasco De
gama and Niger Tornadoes of Minna.
In 1974 Tottenham was banned from
playing two European games at their home while Hatlane Ground after fans rioted
in EUFA cup final.
In 1975 Leeds banned from European for
four seasons. Later cut to two after riots during European final in Paris in
1964 Cimapru, 300 people lost their lives while 500 people suffered injuries
when riot their lives while a last minute gal scored by Peruvian national team
against Argentina, the fans who complained bitterly against the handling of the
match broke loose and damaged lives and properties.
Okwon (1997) in a world cup qualifying
match between Brazil and Chile on 3rd Sept. was abandoned following the rueful
of the visiting team to continue the match after 69 minutes, because their goal
keeper Robber Rojas was hit badly by a fire cracker thorium from the stand by a
fan.
Daily Star (1988) English club were
banned from European competition following 39 deaths in violence at the
European championship cup final in Belgium heysel stadium as result of fans
action.
In 1993, police detained almost 1000
English fans but fewer than 100 of them were accused of serious offence after four
days, of street violence in Amsterdam and Rotterdam a head of the world cup
qualifying match between Netherlands and England.
In 1993, Turkish police detained 133
rowdy Manchester United fans who rampaged through Istanbul hotel. Six of fans,
described by police as ring leaders, were later arrested.
2.2 Theoretical Frame Work for Violence
Adedoja (2005) in his paper presentation
on violence in competitive sport highlighted a number of theories for sport
violence such theoretical analysis would be very good framework for
understanding of the underlying factors for violence in sport.
Biological Theory:-
This contend that man is biologically organized to behave in hostile manner. He
possesses aggressive instinct which utilitarian values. Destructive instincts
motivate man's behavior under environmental stress. Therefore man's aggressive
tendencies are where not of instructional. These instincts are exhibited in
sport.
Frustration Aggressive Theory:-
that violence represent an unfulfilled need which produced frustration result
in aggressive the degree of aggressive and consequence the amount or violence.
In competition on effect to succeed may be frustrated by opponent, spectators,
or official thereby resulting on aggressive or violence.
Collective Behavior Theory:-
Collective behavior is regarded as non institutionalized activities that are
both cause and consequence of there ir change in established in order. In
relation to sport, fan and spectators are seen as conventional ground composed
by established norms. When these norms are perceived to be broken or impinged
upon, outburst of emotion resulting in violence.
Sub-Cultural Violence Theory:-
This theory postulate that violence is learned behavior, acquired through the
process of socialization. Therefore violence will occur in a culture where.
Violence is encouraged. Such competition such as in sport where effort is been
made to secure, some values rewards, incentive or honors.
Structural Violence Theory: -
Theory content that there is a tender for one group to dominant another with
subsequent exploitative practices. In such a situation, the threat of violence
or potential for violence are usually sufficient to keep the dominated group in
it's pace. In sporting competition, this is evident where home team uses all
potential as is disposal to oppress the away team.
Similarly, the occurrence of riot and
unruly act in sport killed the spirit of sportsmanship this subjecting the aim
and objective of sports to great ridicules.
Gladue (1977) opined on NTA Network
service that "Hooliganism is one single problem that will meet spent as we
know today. This completely neglected the spirits of sportsmanship and the
coordinal relationship. It is supposed to generate among people. Indeed the
supposed to generate away people. Indeed the entertainment factors n character
training and social workers in sport almost threatened than any other purpose
it should serve".
2.3 Causes of Violence in Competitive
Sports
Sport centre worldwide have experience
and still experiencing the incidence of sport violence. This therefore called
for more attention to the problem of violence, which is threatening the sport
environment.
According to Adedoja (2005) from this
theoretical framework for violence in sports, have postulated that man
·
Is inherently
and instinctually aggressive in nature.
·
Encounters
frustration in competition aggressive in nature.
·
Learn violence
through a process of socialization.
·
Moves against
opponent for self presentation so a to succeed.
He stated further that man acts in ways.
And manners postulated above them, there is need to ask ourselves out aim
questions.
Firstly, who are the perpetrators of
sport violence institutions level?
Secondly, what are the immediate and
remote causes of sport violence?
The perpetrators of sports violence in
competitive sports are spectators, officiating officials, competitors
themselves and coaches.
Adedoja quoted, to some extent both
player and spectators have a tendency to set sport apart from other activities
with a morality of it arm where aggressiveness is part of the game and the
individual can be completely self centered while one duty of maintaining good
conduct is placed on the referee.
COMPETITORS
The competitors have a tendency to
violence as a form. Of self protection, provided no lasting injury to be
inflicted upon or by participants, nevertheless injuries have became more
frequent and sever in recent years. A player once said "I started playing
Hockey because it's the sport where you can hit somebody and got away with it.
(Adedoja, 1999). Each circumstance of competitors/athletics violence can be.
Fit into one of the three categories; these include Brawling, Hazing, and Foul
Play.
BRAWLING:-
is the primary cause of athlete violence that will have an effect on the event
venue. This situation occurs when the athletes are involved in violent
situation among each other, spectators, game officials, or coaches. it can
occurs during the games or in the time surrounding the game, and can often also
place the venue staff in to a dangerous situation (fields, Collins and
Comstock, 2010).
HAZING:- Hazing will affect the athletes on the
team; however it is generally an internal issue among the team and therefore
can be found in form of both verbal and physical abuse. It occurs among
teammates and has grown into a major challenge in competitive sport (wood,
2010).
FOUL
PLAY:- foul play
can controlled through rules, however is it addressed within the rules of the
game. These situations occur when the player inflicted violent act upon one
another throughout the cause of the game. Generally these situations are
controlled by game officials, yet the situations are ruled by how the game
officials interpret the act. These calls can lead to ensure act of violence if
the athletes or fans feel as through a foul was either call unfairly, or not
called when deserved.
FANS
Some
of the worst examples of competitive sport violence occur among the fans
watching an athletic contest. Every sport event is attended by individual who
may instigate fan violence. These are individuals who score high in the
personality disposition of anger and physical aggression. These individuals are
attracted to violence and fighting among fans, and exhibit a false belief about
the willingness of other fans to join in act of violence (Muhammed, 2013).
Motivated by socio-psychological factors fans result to copy act aggression
when players are seen to get away with such acts so they act out of feeling
that would be unacceptable in other contexts.
Emotoshi
(2007) stated that by psychological problems of loosing prestige status or job,
which may encourage violent in face of an impending defect. A coach may has
been quoted saying to win in any sport you must learn to hate, for us to
adversary someone to humiliate and disagree in front of our fans. He stated
further the immediate cause as the following:-
·
The nature of certain supporters of the games.
·
Poor or biased officiating
·
Philosophy of mass media.
·
Inadequate facilities and infrastructure.
·
Political undertone and rivalry.
·
Availability of been near sport area.
·
Ignorance of players and spectators about the law
governing the match.
2.4
Effect Violence in Competitive Sports
Arogbonlo
(1988) stated that the incidence of violence acts in generally affecting the
growth and development of sport in Nigeria. The irony is that in can occur
without leaving behind sad memories for people to ponder over stabling and
maiming incident have became the characteristics of. Sport meets. The cost
these in both human and material terms are quite enormous.
In
(1995) Dawakin Tofa in Kano state was choosing as a venue for the state
challenge cup and this was because serious violence that occurred in a match
between Hamilton and Cosmos United in the quarter final of the competition. It
stated after the referee accepted a good scored by Hamilton players that
anxious supporters of Cosmos cannot wait for the game to end but rush into
field and beat up the referee, even the little police provided as securities
and their cannot save the situation any longer, resulting to the injuries of
the players, spectators and other officials.
In
1996 in state league in Kano, known as Tofa Cup, the final of the competition
made many people to stop going to stadium at all because of the violence that
occurred that data and that was in match between Cosmos United and their babies
where their won by alone goal. Supporters of Cosmos decided on everybody they
meet on their way, not caring whether you are their fan or what so ever and
they do not differentiate both male and female.
In
1998, the same incident occurred in Sani Abacha Stadium sport complex an
incident of violence was witnessed in a match between Nigeria and Kenya, in a
competition as mock nation cup. Even the people living in brigade were not
allowed to pass through Fagge, they were force to follow Gidan Murtala. Also in
match between Red-Lion and Cosmos in Adhama cup quarter Final.
In
1979, an incident of violence in sport recorded which kept many people in Kano
wondering, the super action FC of Kano who are looking forward to capture the
trophy which is Tofa Cup and Kano United who will relegated if they lose the
match, it stated when super action equalized the goal scored by Kano United to
make the score 1-1. Supporter of Kano United by Kano United jumped over the
fence and stated beating up the referees and linesman. The securities made
every effort to protect hooligans but all in vain instead, they also they were
beating up, the fence were brought down and goal post disfigured the act
doesn't end there inside the stadium but also outside, where the traffic light
were vandalized and other people properties were destroyed.
In
2013 an incident of violence occurred when Kano Pillars play against Heartland
United of Owerri at Sani Abacha Stadium
Kofar Mata, the Violence started when Pillars fans disrupted play when a
policeman shot a fan that came to watch the match. The violence resulted in firing of gunshots
which left about three Kano pillars supporters known as the “Kofar Mata Masu
gida’s boys with bullet wounds while the policeman accused of carrying out the
shooting was stabbed to death by the angry supporters who also sacked the
players and officials from the pitch. Several others supporters were also
feared dead from the injuries suffered while trying to jump out the stadium
In
2016 the League Management Company (LMC) fines Kano pillars N2.4 millions over
crowd violence from fans during their game against Enyimba. Pillars fans had thrown projective objects
onto the pitch during the game, forcing the policemen to use teargas. The fans
attacked the Enyimba team bus after the game. LMC ruled that the Pillars should
also pay damages to both Enyimba and officials who was injured during fracas.
2.5
Method of Controlled Violence in Competitive Sports
No
one out research study or commission of inquiry has came out with an all
embracing solution to sport violence, the psychological, social administrative
and other causes, characteristic and ethnology of. Violence as fully described
the complexity of problem, virtually every individual who is directly related
to sports participation, organization and spectatorship must bear the. Consequence
of whatever happens on the play fields in spite of the reported cause of
violence; sport will continue to be strong weapon in. For going unity among
nations and in building the desired positive values, fair play and the
development of sportsmanship in sport, in order not to destroy the aesthetic
values of sports, all the concept of winning at all cost most be de-emphasized
the coach in this can occupied position in helping the correct response to
frustration.
Adedoja
(2005) said violence can be checked minimize or reduce in competitive sports by
taking positive measures such measures are:
GOOD
OFFICIATING
Matches,
game or event should be handed by competent qualified and natural official.
Officiating officials should keep abreast of the latest development in the
sport they are holding.
MINIMIZE
THE TANGIBLE REWARDS
Sport
competition should devoid of great reward and prize such as cost and
properties. Emphasis should be placed on certificate, medals and trophies. Such
reduction in tangible rewards will minimize and
cut throat competition and may eliminate the philosophy of must win at
all cost.
EDUCATE
THE FANS
Violence
behavior of sport fans are some time sported off by ignorance and partial
knowledge of rules and regulation in certain sports. There is need to educate
the fans and supporters through mass media, talk and conference of sport
organize promoter and administrators.
IMPROVE
FACILITIES FOR SPORTS
In sporting events, there should be separate
stand for rival supporters, club or spectators. Such arrangement will check
away contact if firing hurriedly charged atmosphere. Effort should be made to
eliminate crowded and suffocation condition that are proving to stress and
violence.
INCULCATING
THE SPIRIT OF SPORTSMANSHIP
School
and institution should indicate the spirit of sportsmanship by rewarding good
performance for greater the victory. Good sportsmanship and woman of year
should not be based on number of goal, medal and like but good behavior exhibit
through the season. Non bonafide player should never be used for competition.
GOOD
MEDIA REPORTING AND COVERAGE
Mass
media should play a positive role by resisting sectionalism and concentration
coverage of sporting activities. Media should not continue to portray sport as
war symbols nor over evaluated victory. Media should help to expose abuse in
sport. It is part of the media to educate the public on rules and techniques of
various sports.
Television
in particular should be reminder to the competitor that what he does seen by
millions of people and whether he likes it or not he is an influential example
of desirable behavior sportsmanship like conduct to the youth and sports
lovers.
INCREASING
GATE FESS
In
sports like soccer, hockey basketball and the like that are the prone to
violence, their amount of gate fees should be raised to price out certain
category of fans thereby reducing the size of crowd. The smaller crowd the
lesser the possibility of violence.
PROVISION
OF ADEQUATE SECURITY
Security
men should be available at all competition venues to main strategic position so
as to ensure the safety of spectators, competitors and officials. Other
security is the demarcation between the spectators and competitors as to reduce
and remove easy contact or interaction that can lead to violence.
GOOD
ORGANIZATION
There
should be adequate contest for participant in term of accommodation, feeding
and participation; conducive atmosphere will remove unnecessary stress on the
competitors.
BAN
ON SALES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
The
sale of alcohol and drugs either in sporting arena or its environment should be
totally discourage or banned. A part from the fact that alcohol can easily
promote and cigarette violence, the empty bottle contend can end the like may
serve as really implement for use in case violence. Aggressive behavior in spectators high
probably be caused be excessive drinking or drugs abuse. Measures can be taken
to ban the sale or consumption of strong drinks or drugs at sport arena.
CHAPTER THREE
METHOD AND PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION
3.1
Introduction
This
chapter contains the method and procedure that were used in collection of the
information (Data) for the study. Through the main purpose of this research
project is to find out the causes and possible solution of violence in
competitive sports in Kano metropolis.
However,
two method of collecting data were used these were the questionnaire and
interviews. The decision to use both was based on their relative advantage,
though together enough information; there also enable the researcher to cover a
much larger sample or population with relatives ease.
It
was in the realization of the advantage of the questionnaire and nature of our
research topic that this approach was used. The researchers also realized that
some of the response required personal opinion of the people involved and the
questionnaire methods was introduce to allow individual privacy.
3.2
Research Instrument
The
instrument used for this research work will be interview and questionnaires
which were designated by the researchers and signed the researchers’ supervisor
before approval was given for administration by the researchers.
3.3
Population of the Study
The
population of this study includes coaches, sport officials, players, sport
administration, fans, and businessmen; it was selected randomly after long
period of careful study.
3.4.
Data Administration Procedure
The
questionnaire and interviews were designed by the researchers themselves. The
approaches were used to meet the demand of the research work. The interview
method was used to allow the researchers to have a quick response because when
questionnaire were issued to some officials that they took a long time before.
Responding some event tend misplaced them.
The
researchers are to carry and distribute the questionnaire to the various
respondents in Kano metropolis.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS
The purpose of this research project is to investigate
the causes and possible solution of violence in competitive sports in Kano
metropolis Kano state.
The researchers were able to produce and distribute
150 questionnaires in which only 100 were able to be returned to the
researchers.
However, data
were analysed and interpreted accordingly having used questionnaire distributed
to the various respondents. The result were analysed using percentage methods
and each question is mentioned first followed by followed by a table and the
analysis of the table.
Table 1: Age
|
Age
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
18 – 25
|
10
|
10%
|
|
25 – 30
|
15
|
15%
|
|
30 – 35
|
25
|
25%
|
|
35 – above
|
50
|
50%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table reveal that 10% of the respondents are
in age bracket 18 – 25 years, 15% are 25 – 30, 25% of the respondents are age
30 – 35 and 50% of the respondents are 35 and above.
According to the finding of the researchers understand
that the highest percentage of the respondents are matured people probably been
engaged in sport for a long time
Table 2: Sex
|
Sex
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Male
|
82
|
82%
|
|
Female
|
18
|
18%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The table above shows that 82% of the respondents are
male and only 18% of the respondents are female.
According to the finding the researcher are made to
understand that majority of the people engage in competitive sport in Kano
metropolis are male while female are not interested in the game or very few are
interested.
Table 3: Have you ever participated in active sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
77
|
77%
|
|
No
|
23
|
23%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table indicate that 77% of the respondents
have participated in active sport and 23% of the respondents have not
participated in active sport so they will be able to outline the causes and
possible solution to violence in sport.
Table 4: Which of the following official do you belong
to?
|
Status
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Coaches
|
15
|
15%
|
|
Sport Official
|
12
|
12%
|
|
Players
|
30
|
30%
|
|
Businessman/woman
|
10
|
10%
|
|
Sport
Administrators
|
13
|
13%
|
|
Spectators
|
25
|
25%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The
above table shows that 15% of the respondents are coaches of various sports, 12%
of the respondents are sports officials and 30% also are players of various sports
while 10% are businessmen/women, 13% of the respondents are sports
administrators and 25% are spectators of various sporting events.
The
table above made the researchers to understand that 30% of the respondents
which are the highest percentage are players who by all means are involved by
the sport, following by 25% are spectators of various sporting events, while
15% are coaches who also take part in the game , and also 13% are sport
administrators who contributed a lot in the realization of the game and 12%
sport officials in various sports, 10% are businessmen/women whose also are
contributed as spectators or supporters.
PART
B: For Officials, Coaches, Players, and Sport Administrators
Table
(5) Do lack of adequate security personnel causes violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
73
|
73%
|
|
False
|
27
|
27%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The
above table revealed that security personnel cause’s violence in competitive
sport through the analyses and interpretation of data and the responses from
the subject 73%out of the respondent strongly agreed while 27% disagreed.
According
to the finding the researcher are made to understand that 73% which is the
highest percentage made them to believe insufficient security is matter major
cause of violence in competitive sport. On the other hand 27% on the respondent
that disagreed in the fact, say lacking adequate security personnel is not a
cause of violence in competitive sport.
Table
(6) Do interpretation of the rules of the game by spectators causes violence in
sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
72
|
72%
|
|
False
|
28
|
28%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The
table above shows that 72% of the respondent by the idea interpretation of the
rules of game by the spectators causes violence in competitive sport while 28%
say no they did not agree the interpretation of the rules o f the game by spectator’ causes violence
in competitive sport.
The
finding revealed by the researchers that 72% of the respondents which is the
highest percentage of the table testified that spectators that interpret the rules
of the game causes violence in competitive sport followed by 28% of the
respondents who said to be no interpretation of the rules
of the game by
spectators does not cause violence in competitive sport.
Table
{7} Do poor officiating by the officiating officials cause violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
90
|
90%
|
|
False
|
10
|
10%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The
above table is shows clear case of poor officiating as a cause for violence
behavior during competition; the table indicated that 90% out of respondents
strongly agreed 10% disagreed.
The
researchers are made to understand that 90% which is the highest percentage of
the table believed that poor officiating cause violence in school competition
sport followed by 10% who does not agree that poor officiating cause violence
competitive sport in Kano metropolis.
Table {8} Do lack of adequate knowledge of the game
cause violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
65
|
65%
|
|
False
|
35
|
35%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
In the above 65% of the respondent agree that lack
of knowledge of the game cause violence in school competitive while 35% of the respondent
disagreed.
The table above made the researchers to understand
the lack of knowledge of the game cause violence. Some of the respondent believed
that an individual who does not have the knowledge of the game may misinterpret
the game leading to violence.
Table {9} Do winning at all cost
attitude causes violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
87
|
87%
|
|
False
|
13
|
13%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table reveals 87% out of respondent
strongly agreed,13% disagreed.
According to
finding 87% which is the highest percentage made the researchers to believe
that the winning at all cost principle during competitive sport is the major
contributing factor for our break of violence while 13% disagree.
Table {10} Does drug abuse by fans
causes violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
80
|
80%
|
|
False
|
20
|
20%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The indication from the table had made it that actually
drug abuse by fans encourage violence
act in sport competitive due to the responses from the subject 80% agreed while
20% disagreed.
According
to finding 80% that is the highest percentage made the researcher to believe
that drugs abuse attitude causes violence in competitive sport followed by 20%
of the respondent which is the lowest who do not testified with the fact.
Table {11} Do organizational
inefficiency of sport administrators causes violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
TRUE
|
70
|
70%
|
|
FALSE
|
30
|
30%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
On the above the table 70% of the respondents agreed
fully gives their consent to the idea that organizational inefficiency of sport
administrators, while 30% of the respondents disagree with the idea.
According to
finding above revealed to the researchers that 70% of the respondents which is
the highest testified that organizational inefficiency by sport administrator’s
cause’s violence in competitive sport, follow by 30% of the respondents who
disagree with the fact.
Table {12} Lack of adequate
knowledge of crowd control security personnel
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
65
|
65%
|
|
False
|
35
|
35%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The table above shows that 65% of the respondents
agree that lack of adequate knowledge of crowd control by the security
personnel causes violence in sport, while 35% of the respondents disagree with
the fact.
The finding
above revealed the researchers that 65% of the respondents which is the highest
testified that lack of adequate knowledge of crowd control by security
personnel causes violence in sport followed by 35% of the respondents which is
the lowest who do not testified with the fact.
Table {13} Do display of
unsportsmanship behaviour causes violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
85
|
85%
|
|
False
|
15
|
15%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
Responses obtained from the study of table above
indicate that 85 of respondents agreed, while 15 disagreed that make made it clearly
that display of unsportmanship attitude by players is a major contributing act
of violence in competitive sport in Kano metropolis.
PART
C: For Spectators and Businessman/woman
Table {14} Do you think if
spectators should have an adequate knowledge of the game there will be no
violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
75
|
75%
|
|
No
|
25
|
25%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table indicates that 75% of the respondents
say yes that if spectators should have an adequate knowledge of the game there
will be no violence in sport, while 25% of the respondents say no.
According
to the finding the researchers were made to understand that 75% of the
respondents which is the highest testified that if spectators should have adequate
knowledge of the game there will be no violence in competitive sport followed
by 25% who disagree with the fact.
Table {15} Do you think if adequate
security personnel are provided during sport meeting there will be no violence
in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
True
|
66
|
66%
|
|
False
|
34
|
34%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
In the above table 66% of the respondent shows that
if adequate security personnel are provided during sport meeting prevent the
occurrence of violence in competitive sport. The researchers understand this,
due to the fact that 66% of the respondent say yes followed 34%who say no.
Table {16} Do you think if drugs
addicted are disqualified for participation in sport activities, there will be
no violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
65
|
65%
|
|
No
|
35
|
35%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table revealed that 65% of the respondent
accepted that if drug addict are disqualified from participating in sports,
there will be no violence. While 35% of the respondent disagreed the fact
According
to finding above 65% of the respondents which is the highest percentage made
the researchers to understand that if those taken drugs are disqualified or are
not allowed to take part in sporting activities there will be no violence, followed
by 35% of the respondents who do not agree with the fact.
Table {17} Do you think if the
spectators should allowed the referees and his assistance alone to interpret
the rule of the game there will be no violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
75
|
75%
|
|
No
|
25
|
25%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
In the data shows above revealed that 75% of the
respondents say yes if spectators should allowed the referee and his assistance
alone to interpret the rules of the game there will be no violence in school
sport.while 25% of the respondents say there will still be violence even if the
spectators should allowed the referee and his assistance alone to interpret the
rules of the game.
According
to the finding the researchers are made to understand that 75% of the
respondent which Is the highest testified that is spectators should allowed the
referee and his assistance alone to interpret the rules of the game there will
be no violence followed by 25% who say no.
Table {18} Do you think that if
winning at all cost attitude is discourage there will be no violence?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
80
|
80%
|
|
No
|
20
|
20%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The table above shows that 80%of the respondents agree
that if winning at all cost attitude should be discourage there will be no
violence in competitive sports, while 20%of the respondent say no.
According to the finding in table 18 above the researchers
are made to understand that 80% of the respondents revealed that if winning at
all cost attitude should be discourage there will be no violence followed by
20% who say no discourage of winning at all cost attitude will not stop
violence.
Table {19} Do you think if
officiating officials should be fair in their judgment there will be no
violence in sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
90
|
90%
|
|
No
|
10
|
10%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The table above revealed that 90% of the respondents
say yes that if officiating officials referee should fair in their judgment
there will be no violence in school sport.
In the finding above the researchers are made to believe
that if official {referee} should be fair in their judgment there will be no
violence in competitive sports due to the fact in table 19. 90% of the
respondents testified that followed by 10% of the respondent who says no.
Table {20} Do you think if sport
administrators organize sport meeting well, there will be no violence in sport.
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
67
|
67%
|
|
No
|
33
|
33%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above table indicates that 67% of the respondents
believe that if sport administrators organized meeting well there will be no
violence in competitive, followed by 33% of the respondent who disputed the
fact say there will be still be violence.
Table {21} Do you think adequate
knowledge of crowd control by the security personnel can minimize eradicates
violence.
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
87
|
87%
|
|
No
|
13
|
13%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
In the table above the data that 87% of the
respondents agreed that adequate knowledge of crowd control by the security
personnel can eradicate violence in sport followed by 13% of the respondents
who disputed that adequate knowledge of the crowd control by the security
personnel cannot minimize or curtailed violence in sport.
Table {22} Do you think if the
players demonstrate sportsmanship attitude there will be no violence in school
sport?
|
Responses
|
Frequencies
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
83
|
83%
|
|
No
|
17
|
17%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The above revealed that 83% of the respondents
agreed that if players demonstrate sportsmanship attitude there will be no
violence in competitive sport, while 17% of the respondents says no even if
players demonstrate sportsmanship attitude there will be violence
According to
the finding the researchers are made to understand that if players should demonstrate
sportsmanship attitude there will be no violence that is according to the
finding in table 22. Where 83% of the respondents which is the highest
percentage followed by 17% of the respondents who disputed the fact say that even
if the players demonstrate sportsmanship attitude, there will still be violence
in sport.
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Summary
From
the foregoing chapter, it is clearly interested that importance of carrying out
this research work was basically to find out the causes and possible
solution to violence
in competitive sport in Kano
metropolis of Kano State.
For this purpose about 150 questionnaires were
printed and distributed to coaches, sport officials, players, sport
administrators etc within the locality in which only 100 were return to the
researchers.
The
study was therefore carried out due to the incidence of violence always occur
during competitive sports in the locality. After knowing the causes,
appropriate measure are hoped to be taken to minimize or rather eradicate the
act of violence in competitive sports in Kano metropolis in particular, the
state and the nature as a whole.
5.2
Conclusion
From
the data collected and analyzed in chapter four the following conclusion can be
made with regard to the purpose of the study.
1.
Lack of adequate
security personnel in stadium is a major factor that causes violence in
competitive sports.
2.
Players and
spectators that take drugs causes violence, making it predominate factor that
causes violence in competitive sports.
3.
Organizational
inefficiency of sport administrators also causes violence in competitive
sports.
4.
Interpretation
of the rules of the game but spectators is another factor that causes violence
in competitive sports.
5.
Display of
unsportsmanship behaviour is another factor that causes violence competitive
sports.
These
are among those of the factor that causes violence in competitive sports. And
finally the researchers are appealing to those concerns to use the measure
recommended in order to minimize or eradicate the incidence of violence in Kano
metropolis in particular, the state and the nation as a whole.
5.3
Recommendation
After
much consideration on the study, the researchers recommend the following
solution to eradicate and minimize the act of violence in competitive sport in Kano
metropolis, Kano State and the country in general.
Minimize/Eradicate
Violence by Athletes
Ø Young
athletes must be provided with models of non aggressive and violence but
effective assertive behavior.
Ø Athletes
who engage in violence acts must be severely penalized.
Ø The
penalty or punishment that athlete receives for an act of violence must be
greater punitive value than the potential reinforcement received for committing
the act.
Ø In
addition to receiving punishment for acts of violence, athletes should receive
rewards and praise for showing restraint and patience in emotionally charged
situations.
Minimize/Eradicate
violence by fans
v Potential
troublemakers should be closely supervised. Fans with a history of violence and
fighting should be identified and denied a admission into play arena.
v The sale, distribution, and use of any drugs
substance at sporting event should be limited and controlled.
v Athletic
events should be promoted and encouraged as family affairs.
v The
media can promote responsible behavior on the part of the fans by not
glamorizing acts of aggression. as with athletes and coaches, fans violence
must be swiftly and severely punished
In
addition to the above recommendations, the violence in competitive in Kano
metropolis can also be minimize or eradicate through the following:
1
There have to be
adequate knowledge of crowd control the security personnel with this the
security will determine the number of spectators to be allowed into the stadium
so that they can be able to control them.
2
Players should
demonstrate spirit of sportsmanship attitude during competitive sports.
3
Officiating
officials i.e. the referees and his assisters should be fair in their judgments
in order to keep peace in the sports arena.
4
The winning at
all cost attitudes demonstrate by players should be discourage.
5
This use to take
drugs during mach should be banned from participating in any competitive sports.
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